Achilles Tendonitis or
Tendinopathy

Excessive exercise or walking may cause Achilles tendonitis, especially for athletes. However, factors unrelated to exercise may also contribute to your risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis and infection are both linked to tendonitis.

Any repeated activity that strains your Achilles tendon can potentially cause tendon inflammation. 

Some causes include:

• exercising without a proper warmup
• straining the calf muscles during repeated exercise or physical activity
• playing sports, such as tennis, that require quick stops and changes of direction
• a sudden increase in physical activity without allowing your body to adjust to increased training
• wearing old or poorly fitting shoes
• wearing high heels daily or for prolonged durations
• having bone spurs in the back of your heels
• being older, as the Achilles tendon weakens with age

Many treatments are available for Achilles tendonitis, ranging from home remedies, like rest and anti-inflammatory medication, to more invasive treatments, like steroid injections, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, and surgery. 

Your doctor might suggest:

• reducing your physical activity
• very gently stretching and later strengthening your calf muscles
• switching to a different, less strenuous sport
• icing the area after exercise or when in pain
• elevating your foot to decrease any swelling
• wearing a brace or Moonboot to prevent heel movement
• obtaining physiotherapy
• taking anti-inflammatory medication for a limited time
• wearing a shoe with a built-up heel to take tension off your Achilles tendon

There are two types of Achilles tendonitis: insertional Achilles tendinitis and non-insertional Achilles tendonitis. 

Insertional Achilles tendonitis affects the lower portion of your tendon where it attaches to your heel bone. Non-insertional Achilles tendonitis involves fibres in the middle portion of the tendon and tends to affect younger people who are active.

Simple home treatments can help Achilles tendonitis. However, if home treatment doesn’t work, it’s important to see a doctor. If your tendonitis gets worse, your tendon can tear. You may need medication or surgery to ease the pain.

The rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) method is usually effective in treating Achilles tendonitis right after you’re injured. This method works in the following way:

Rest: Don’t put pressure or weight on your tendon for one to two days until you can walk on the tendon without pain. The tendon usually heals faster if no additional strain is placed on it during this time. Your doctor may suggest using crutches if you need to go long distances while resting your tendon.

Ice: Put ice in a bag, wrap the bag in a cloth, and place the wrapped bag of ice against your skin. Hold the bag on your tendon for 15 to 20 minutes, then take the bag off to let the tendon warm up again. The ice usually makes inflammation or swelling go down faster.

Compression: Wrap a bandage or athletic/therapy tape around your tendon to compress the injury. You can also tie an article of clothing around this area; This keeps the tendon from swelling too much. But don’t wrap or tie anything too tightly around your tendon, as it can limit blood flow.

Elevation: Raise your foot above the level of your chest. Because your foot is higher than your heart, blood returns to the heart and keeps the swelling down and is easiest to do by lying down and putting your foot on a pillow or other raised surface.

If this treatment isn’t practical, surgery may be necessary to repair your Achilles tendon. If the condition worsens and is left untreated, there’s a greater risk of an Achilles rupture, which requires surgical intervention and can cause sharp pain in the heel area.

Your doctor may recommend a few options for a tendon rupture surgery based on how severe your rupture is and whether you’ve had a rupture before. Your doctor will usually refer you to an orthopaedic surgeon to decide which procedure is best for you.

One method is called open repair. In this surgery, a surgeon makes an incision to open your leg above the heel bone. Then they sew the two sides of the ruptured tendon back together and close the incision.

In another method, a surgeon makes an incision to open the area on your leg where the rupture happened. Then they pass needles with sutures through the tendon and the skin and back out through the incision. Finally, they tie the sutures together.

The most common complication of Achilles tendonitis is pain, having trouble walking or exercising, and your tendon or heel bone becoming deformed. You can also experience a complete tear (rupture) of your Achilles tendon, and you’ll usually need surgery to fix it.

One study found that complications such as hematomata (blood swelling and clotting inside tissue) and deep-venous-thrombosis (blood clot in a deep vein) are possible after surgery for Achilles tendonitis. Complications can worsen if you don’t follow your doctor’s instructions after an operation. If you continue to put stress or wear on your Achilles tendon after surgery, your tendon can rupture again.

Symptoms include:

• discomfort or swelling in the back of your heel
• tight calf muscles
• limited range of motion when flexing your foot
• the skin on your heel overly warm to the touch

The main symptom of Achilles tendonitis is pain and swelling in the back side of your heel when you walk or run. Other symptoms include tight calf muscles and limited range of motion when you flex your foot. This condition can also make the skin on your heel feel overly warm to the touch.

To lower your risk of Achilles tendonitis, try to:

• Stretch your calf muscles at the beginning of each day to improve your agility and make your Achilles tendon less prone to injury. Try to do this before and after workouts. To stretch your Achilles tendon, stand with a straight leg, and lean forward as you keep your heel on the ground.
• Ease into a new exercise routine, gradually intensifying your physical activity.
• Combine high- and low-impact exercises, such as basketball, with swimming to reduce constant stress on your tendons.
• Choose shoes with proper cushioning and arch support. Also, ensure the heel is slightly elevated to take tension off your Achilles tendon. If you’ve worn a pair of shoes for a long time, consider replacing them or using arch supports.
• Make an appointment for a Biomechanical assessment to provide the correct arch supports/ foot orthotics.
• Reduce the heel size of shoes gradually when transitioning from high heels to flats, This allows your tendon to stretch and increase its range of motion slowly.